Fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) extend classical differential equations by incorporating uncertainty through fuzzy numbers. This mathematical framework is particularly valuable for modelling ...

An intermediate level course in the analytical and numerical study of ordinary differential equations, with an emphasis on their applications to the real world. Exact solution methods for ordinary ...

First‑order differential equations, linear and separable equations, integrating factors, applications. Second‑order linear differential equations. Fundamental solutions, linear independence, Wronskian ...