All sorts of physical processes in this analog world exhibit some degree of randomness. Think of noise, for example. Many noisy processes are described by Gaussian probability distributions. We should ...

The primary goal of managerial accounting is to supply internal decision-makers with the information necessary to make good planning and cost-control decisions. While data, research studies and ...

The generation of synthetic market data is widely seen as one of the most promising applications of sophisticated artificial intelligence models, such as generative adversarial networks (GANs) and ...

Gaussian processes offer a versatile framework to model and analyse continuous random phenomena, making them particularly useful in quantifying the probability of ruin in financial and insurance ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

This article discusses the contribution of counting statistics to the uncertainty in identifying the net peak area, and in controlling detection limits. The method is applicable to spectrometers that ...

Statistics uses small samples to predict how phenomena behave in the real world. Many management tools with the aim of maximizing efficiency (ex: Six Sigma) attempt to decrease variances using a ...

Interest Rate Probability Distributions Implied by Derivatives Prices is a daily measure of the distribution of future short-term interest rates, calculated from prices of fixed-income derivatives ...

Half the bits are represented on the real axis and half the bits are represented on the imaginary axis. The in-phase and quadrature signals are independent level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) ...