Among the switches of various kinds of loads, the circuit of the switch is of particular interest, controlled by varying signal duration. So, for example, feeding a short pulse to the input will turn ...

In the first installment of this course, we learned that a digital value is a quantity that varies “in steps” and can take on only a finite number of values. In today’s logic systems, only two ...

Input-referred calculations are a valuable tool to understand the expected performance of a measurement system, helping to optimize designs and inform system specifications. Why input-referred ...

A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) lets us express the relationship between signal and noise powers, as well as between the root-mean-square (rms) values of signal and noise voltages: SNR (dB) = ...

Many noise sources can plague high-speed radio-frequency (RF) analog signal chains, making design considerations that much more challenging. Both megahertz and sub-terahertz sampling-rate converters ...