This minimises thermal stress and ensures high fertility ... control of process parameters allow reproducible and complete sterilization of culture media. Rapid cooling is enabled by an efficient ...

This can be achieved by coating a filtration layer with nanoparticulate graphene, which provides a ‘photo-thermal’ sterilization effect by generating intense heat on the nanoparticles ...

Gas-fired heating systems are being replaced by electrification technologies that offer higher efficiency, reduced emissions and improved process control.